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Other definitions of rape have changed over time. Raptus referred to the abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. In Roman law, it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis, "crime of assault". Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. It has varied historically and culturally. The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse, or other forms of sexual penetration, committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent. The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem The Rape of the Lock, which is about the theft of a lock of hair. In Medieval English law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". The term rape originates from the Latin rapere (supine stem raptum), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off".

4.4.1 Honor killings and forced marriages.4.4 Victim blaming, secondary victimization and other mistreatment.

A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives. Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop posttraumatic stress disorder. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape. Worldwide, sexual violence, including rape, is primarily committed by males against females. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median. The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability, or is below the legal age of consent. Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent.